MUSCULOSKELETAL ADAPTATIONS IN LONG-DURATION SPACE MISSIONS: A REVIEW OF ATROPHY AND COUNTERMEASURE STRATEGIES
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https://doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v6i12.7086Palabras clave:
Microgravedad Atrofia Muscular Sistema Musculoesquelético.Resumen
Prolonged exposure to microgravity during long-duration space missions induces profound musculoskeletal adaptations, capable of compromising astronaut health and functional capacity. This study aimed to analyze muscle atrophy and bone loss resulting from staying in space, as well as to review the main countermeasure strategies available. A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and NTRS databases, covering observational and longitudinal studies published between 2014 and 2024. Findings indicate a significant reduction in muscle volume—especially in antigravity muscles—and a monthly loss of 1–2% in bone mineral mass. Such changes are associated with the inhibition of anabolic pathways (mTOR/IGF-1), activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and mechanotransduction disturbances in osteocytes. It was observed that currently employed countermeasures, based mainly on resistance exercises and nutritional interventions, attenuate but do not eliminate these deleterious effects. It is concluded that more standardized protocols and new therapeutic approaches are necessary to ensure greater physiological safety in future long-duration space missions.
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