REVISÃO GLOBAL COMPARATIVA DE FALHAS DE BARRAGENS: REJEITOS DE MINERAÇÃO VERSUS BARRAGENS HIDRELÉTRICAS, INDUSTRIAIS E CIVIS — CAUSAS, MECANISMOS E LIÇÕES APRENDIDAS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v7i1.7147Palavras-chave:
Falha de barragens; Barragens de rejeitos; Barragens hidrelétricas.Resumo
As falhas de barragens constituem alguns dos desastres tecnológicos mais severos em escala mundial, com impactos que vão além da perda de infraestrutura, acarretando consequências humanas, ambientais, econômicas e sociais significativas. Embora as falhas de barragens de rejeitos de mineração tenham atraído maior escrutínio nas últimas décadas, barragens associadas à geração hidrelétrica, à contenção de resíduos industriais, à infraestrutura civil, a obras viárias e ao armazenamento de água para uso agrícola também apresentam, historicamente, falhas recorrentes e, em muitos casos, catastróficas. Apesar de compartilharem princípios geotécnicos e hidráulicos fundamentais, essas estruturas diferem de forma marcante quanto à filosofia de projeto, aos métodos construtivos, às práticas operacionais e aos regimes regulatórios. Esta revisão apresenta uma análise comparativa abrangente das falhas de barragens nos setores de mineração e não mineração, integrando estudos de caso históricos e contemporâneos para examinar sistematicamente as causas das falhas, os mecanismos de ruptura, os fatores desencadeantes e as consequências resultantes. Dá-se especial ênfase à distinção entre mecanismos característicos das barragens de rejeitos — como a liquefação estática e dinâmica de materiais contrativos — e aqueles mais prevalentes em barragens convencionais de enrocamento e de concreto, incluindo galgamento, erosão interna e instabilidade de fundação.
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