BLOOD BIOMARKERS IN THE EARLY DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS BETWEEN ISCHEMIC AND HEMORRHAGIC STROKE IN THE EMERGENCY SETTING: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types, each requiring distinct therapeutic approaches. Early differentiation between these subtypes is essential in emergency settings, where time directly impacts prognosis. Although neuroimaging is considered the gold standard, its availability may be limited in certain contexts. In this scenario, blood biomarkers emerge as promising tools for rapid differential diagnosis. This is an integrative literature review conducted through searches in the PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, and SciELO databases, including studies published within the last ten years. The results demonstrate that glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) stands out for its high specificity in the early identification of intracerebral hemorrhage. Other biomarkers, such as S100B, IL-6, BNP, and D-dimer, show better performance when used in combination. It is concluded that blood biomarkers are promising complementary tools with the potential to reduce diagnostic time and optimize clinical management, although they still require validation for routine clinical use.
Author Biographies
Medical Student, Afya Centro Universitário São Lucas, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
Medical Student, Afya Centro Universitário São Lucas, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
Medical Student, Afya Centro Universitário São Lucas, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
Medical Student, Afya Centro Universitário São Lucas, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
Prof. M.Sc., Assistant Coordinator of the Medicine Program at Afya São Lucas PVH and National Coordinator of Biomedicine and Aesthetics. Holds a Master’s degree from Universidade de Taubaté and is currently a Ph.D. candidate at Universidade Federal de Rondônia. He has a multidisciplinary background with postgraduate qualifications in the areas of health, management, and education, working in academic training in health sciences.
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