ESTUDIO SOBRE LA INFLUENCIA DEL MATERIAL PARTICULADO FINO (PM 2,5) EN EL DESAROLLO DE NEOPLASIAS PULMONARES: UNA REVISÍON INTEGRADORA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v6i10.6828Palabras clave:
Contaminación atmosférica, PM 2,5, Neoplasia pulmonarResumen
La contaminación atmosférica, especialmente por material particulado fino (PM2,5), representa un riesgo relevante para la salud pública, estando directamente asociada con el aumento de la incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón. Este estudio, desarrollado mediante una revisión bibliográfica integradora, tuvo como objetivo analizar la influencia del PM2,5 en el desarrollo de neoplasias pulmonares. Se consultaron las bases de datos PubMed, BVS y SciELO, considerando publicaciones entre 2014 y marzo de 2025, en los idiomas portugués e inglés. Se aplicaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión, resultando en la selección de 10 artículos originales. Los datos analizados evidencian que la exposición crónica al PM2,5 está relacionada con el aumento del riesgo de cáncer de pulmón, incluso en concentraciones inferiores a los límites recomendados por organismos internacionales. Las poblaciones cercanas a zonas industriales, puertos y regiones afectadas por incendios forestales presentan un riesgo significativamente mayor. Estudios moleculares demuestran que el PM2,5 puede inducir alteraciones genéticas, activar vías oncogénicas, como Wnt/β-catenina, y promover metástasis, involucrando estrés oxidativo, inflamación crónica y fallas en la reparación del ADN. Se concluye que el PM₂,₅ actúa como un factor determinante en la carcinogénesis pulmonar, tanto en la inducción como en la progresión tumoral. Sus efectos se agravan con la exposición prolongada, incluso en niveles considerados seguros. Estos hallazgos refuerzan la urgencia de políticas públicas rigurosas para el control de la contaminación atmosférica.
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