OKADAIC ACID IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS: MECHANISMS, IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH, AND CHALLENGES FOR MONITORING
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are characterized by the proliferation of microalgae capable of generating severe impacts on aquatic ecosystems and human health, especially through the consumption of contaminated filter-feeding organisms. Okadaic acid (OA) is one of the main marine toxins associated with these events, being the causative agent of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP). Currently, there is growing evidence of its toxic effects across various biological models. This review article analyzes the literature published between 2019 and 2025 to elucidate the most recent evidence regarding OA toxicity. The study focuses on its mechanisms of action, clinical manifestations, chronic and ecotoxicological effects, in addition to evaluating current detection methods and risk management strategies. Finally, the review highlights knowledge gaps and recommends priorities for research and surveillance, aiming to mitigate risks to public health and aquaculture.
Author Biographies
Master's student in Environmental Engineering at the Instituto Federal Fluminense (IFF).
Ph.D. student in Modeling and Technology for Environment Applied to Water Resources at IFF. Professor at the Municipality of Araruama.
Ph.D. in Experimental Clinical Pathophysiology from the Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ). Professor in the Graduate Program in Plant Biology at UERJ.
Ph.D. in Experimental Clinical Pathophysiology from the Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ). Professor in the Graduate Program in Plant Biology at UERJ.
Ph.D. in Human Rights from the University of Coimbra. Professor in the Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering at IFF.
Ph.D. in Biological Sciences (Biophysics) from UERJ. Professor of Biology at IFF.
Ph.D. in Biological Sciences (Nuclear Biosciences) from UERJ. Professor in the Graduate Program in Plant Biology at UERJ.
Ph.D. in Biological Sciences (Nuclear Biosciences) from UERJ. Professor in the Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering at IFF.
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