BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS IN THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Abstract
Cardiac biochemical markers play an essential role in identifying myocardial injury, especially in situations where clinical and electrocardiographic findings are inconclusive. The present study aimed to analyze the relevance of biochemical markers in the early diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), highlighting their clinical applicability, release kinetics, biotechnological evolution, and impact on cardiovascular prognosis. This is a structured Integrative Literature Review, conducted in the PubMed, SciELO, and ScienceDirect databases. Original articles, systematic reviews, and guidelines published between 2015 and 2025 were included, selected through the PICo strategy and the crossing of standardized descriptors using Boolean operators. Contemporary scientific literature consolidates cardiac troponins, especially high-sensitivity assays (hs-cTn), as the laboratory gold standard. These assays allow the detection of microscopic myocardial injury in narrow time windows, enabling ultra-fast triage algorithms. Historical biomarkers have been repositioned: the creatine kinase MB fraction (CK-MB) maintains strategic utility for confirming early reinfarctions, while myoglobin has had its use suppressed due to its lack of specificity. Natriuretic peptides emerge as crucial tools for risk stratification and prediction of ventricular dysfunction. Additionally, future perspectives point to the promising use of artificial intelligence, validation of Point-of-Care devices, and exploration of emerging markers, such as copeptin and microRNAs, demanding analytical excellence in biomedical practice. It is concluded that the integrated interpretation of biomarker dynamics with clinical presentation and the electrocardiogram is non-negotiable for confirming AMI. Continuous laboratory technological improvement qualifies medical reasoning, expedites therapeutic management in emergencies, and significantly reduces morbidity and mortality.
Author Biographies
Undergraduate student in Biomedicine at Evangelical University of Goiás (UniEVANGÉLICA), Brazil.
Undergraduate student in Biomedicine at the Evangelical University of Goiás (UniEVANGÉLICA), Brazil.
Ph.D. in Health Sciences, with Postdoctoral training in Biological Sciences. Professor in the Medicine and Biomedicine programs.
Professor at the Evangelical University of Goiás (UniEVANGÉLICA), Brazil.
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