POTENCIAL DE DESMONTAJE EN SISTEMAS CONSTRUCTIVOS INNOVADORES EN BRASIL: UN ANÁLISIS DE LOS DATEC DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DE LA ECONOMÍA CIRCULAR
Resumen
La construcción civil brasileña enfrenta el desafío de gestionar el elevado volumen de residuos de construcción y demolición (RCD) generados por el sector. En este contexto, la Economía Circular (EC) y el Diseño para el Desmontaje (Design for Disassembly – DfD) emergen como estrategias fundamentales para transformar las edificaciones en “Bancos de Materiales”, manteniendo los recursos en ciclos cerrados de alto valor. Este estudio evaluó el potencial de desmontaje de 14 sistemas constructivos innovadores regulados por el PBQP-H mediante Documentos de Evaluación Técnica (DATec). La metodología consistió en un análisis documental y en la aplicación de una lista de verificación compuesta por 16 criterios técnicos relacionados con desmontaje y circularidad, divididos entre sistemas constructivos y materiales/componentes. Los resultados indican que el 92,8 % de los sistemas presentan potencial teórico para la deconstrucción; sin embargo, persisten limitaciones relacionadas con la estandarización de conexiones mecánicas y la trazabilidad de la información. La mayoría de los DATec analizados no presenta datos suficientes sobre toxicidad, composición y posibilidades de reutilización de los materiales, lo que dificulta la toma de decisiones seguras al final de la vida útil de las edificaciones y refuerza la lógica lineal de descarte. Se concluye que la transición hacia la circularidad en la construcción brasileña depende de la evolución de los marcos regulatorios, incorporando pasaportes de materiales y herramientas digitales basadas en BIM, fundamentales para garantizar la reutilización efectiva de componentes y la reducción de los impactos ambientales del sector.
Biografía del autor/a
Ingeniera Civil por la Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido y graduada en Ciencia y Tecnología Interdisciplinaria por la misma institución. Ha desarrollado investigaciones sobre sistemas constructivos innovadores.
Estudiante de pregrado en Ingeniería Civil en la Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido y graduada en Ciencia y Tecnología Interdisciplinaria por la misma institución. Ha participado en investigaciones sobre sistemas constructivos innovadores.
Docente de la Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Posee doctorado en Ingeniería Civil por la Universidade Estadual de Campinas y maestría y licenciatura en Ingeniería Civil por la Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Actúa en investigaciones sobre estructuras de concreto y análisis estructural.
Docente de la Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Posee doctorado en Ingeniería Civil por la Universidade Estadual de Campinas y maestría y licenciatura en Ingeniería Civil por la Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Actúa en investigaciones sobre patologías de las construcciones y sistemas constructivos innovadores.
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