RISK FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE GENESIS OF ATTENTION DEFICIT AND HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER: A LITERATURE REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v4i8.3941Keywords:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Risk factors; Genetics; Neurobiology.Abstract
ADHD is a common neuropsychiatric condition that negatively impacts several aspects of the development of affected individuals. The etiology of ADHD involves a complex interaction between genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors, and understanding these influences is essential for developing more effective prevention and intervention strategies. Objective: This literature review aims to deepen the understanding of the risk factors involved in the genesis of ADHD in children and adolescents, exploring the influence of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors, as well as the interaction between them. Methodology: A scientific search was performed in databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and PsycINFO, using search terms related to ADHD, risk factors, etiology, and epidemiology. Original studies and bibliographic reviews published in indexed scientific journals were selected, addressing risk factors associated with ADHD in children and adolescents in the last 20 years. Results and Discussion: The review revealed that genetic factors play a significant role in predisposition to ADHD, with heritability estimates between 70% and 90%. Genomic studies have identified genes related to the dopaminergic system and brain development as important candidates in the etiology of the disorder. Additionally, environmental factors such as maternal smoking during pregnancy and alcohol consumption are associated with an increased risk of ADHD. Conclusion: This literature review reinforces the importance of an integrated approach that considers genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors in the etiology of ADHD in children and adolescents.
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