ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA ENTRE VEÍCULOS HÍBRIDOS COM GRAFENO, APLICANDO O MÉTODO SAPEVO H2
Resumo
Desde sua descoberta, em 2004, o grafeno tem adquirido crescente relevância industrial, incluindo aplicações no setor automotivo. No entanto, uma análise de mais de 120 artigos indexados na Scopus entre 2020 e 2024 demonstra que a maioria dos estudos se concentra apenas em propriedades vantajosas específicas e isoladas do grafeno, sem comparar parâmetros semelhantes em diferentes aplicações veiculares. Para suprir essa lacuna, 15 estudos foram selecionados a fim de subsidiar uma avaliação comparativa de veículos híbridos aprimorados com aditivos à base de grafeno. O objetivo foi avaliar o custo de aquisição, o consumo de combustível e o consumo de óleo, utilizando o método de decisão multicritério SAPEVO-H². Modelou-se um cenário hipotético para quatro veículos híbridos com preços entre R$ 120.000,00 e R$ 150.000,00, incorporando 0,1–0,3% de grafeno (em volume) ao líquido de arrefecimento, o que levou a um aumento estimado de 6–8% no calor específico, sob as condições modeladas, e 0,15–0,20% de grafeno (em massa) ao óleo do motor, resultando em redução de 33–39% no coeficiente de atrito. A análise indicou que o desempenho do líquido de arrefecimento apresentou a maior relevância (44,6%), seguido pelo custo de aquisição (33,4%) e pelo desempenho do óleo do motor (22,0%). Dentre as alternativas, o Veículo 1 (R$ 120.000,00) foi identificado como a melhor opção, enquanto o Veículo 4 (R$ 150.000,00) foi o menos favorável.
Biografia do Autor
Escola Politécnica da USP
Department of Industrial Engineering of Fluminense Federal University. Rio de Janeiro – RJ, Brazil.
Referências
ABVE - ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DO VEÍCULO ELÉTRICO. ABVE Data: Vendas de eletrificados em 2024 já ultrapassam total de 2023. São Paulo: ABVE, 2024. https://abve.org.br/vendas-de- eletrificadosem-2024-ja-ultrapassam-total-de-2023/. Accessed on Nov 20th 2025.
AJUKA, L. O.; IKUMAPAYI, O. M.; AKINLABI, E. T. "Entropy Generation of Graphene Nanoplatelets in Micro and Mini Channels: Nanofluid Flow in Automotive Cooling Applications." International Journal of Heat & Technology, v. 40, n. 4, 2022. https://www.iieta.org/journals/ijht/paper/10.18280/ijht.400408 Accessed on Nov 26th 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400408
ARAVINDAN, V.; SUBRAMANIAM, N.; BAJA, H. C. "Template-free synthesis of carbon hollow spheres and reduced graphene oxide from spent lithium-ion batteries towards efficient gas storage." Journal of Materials Chemistry A, v. 7, 32443252, 2019. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/ta/c8ta11521d . Accessed on Nov 29th 2025.
ELMASRY, A.; AZOTI, W.; ELMARAKBI, A. "Modelling and design of hierarchical fibre-graphene nanoplatelets reinforced elasto-viscoplastic polymer matrix composites to improve crashworthiness and energy absorption." Composite Structures, v. 310, 116705, 2023. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263822323000491?via%3Dihub . Accessed on Dec 4th 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.116705
HAO, H. N.; WEI, T. T.; LIK, L. T. K.; JONG, N. H. "Experimental study on convective heat transfer enhancement of automotive radiator with graphene-nanoplatelet suspension." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, v. 101, n. 2, p. 60-72, 2023. https://semarakilmu.com.my/journals/index.php/fluid_mechanics_thermal_sciences/article/view/1108 . Accessed on Dec 10th 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.101.2.6072
IREZ, A. B.; BAYRAKTAR, E.; MISKKIOGLU, I. "Fracture toughness analysis of epoxy-recycled rubber-based composite reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets for structural applications in automotive and aeronautics." Polymers, v. 12, n. 2, 448, 2020. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/2/448 . Accessed on Nov 30th 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12020448 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12020448
KAUSAR, A. "Shape memory polymer/graphene nanocomposites: State-of-the-art." ePolymers, v. 22, n. 1, p. 165-181, 2022. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358226762_Shape_Memory_PolymerGraphene_Nanocomposites-State-of-the-art/link/63fdea910cf1030a565c1af4/download Accessed on Dec 11th, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2022-0024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2022-0024
KOGOVŠEK, J.; KALIN, M. "Comparison of graphene as an oil additive with conventional automotive additives for the lubrication of steel and DLC-coated surfaces." Tribology International, v. 180, 108220, 2023. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301679X23000075?via%3Dihub . Accessed on Dec 10th 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108220 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108220
LEE, P.; KIM, S. Y.; KO, Y. K.; HA, J. U.; JEOUNG, S. K.; SHIN, D.; KIM, J. H.; KIM, M. "Tribological properties of polyamide 46/graphene nanocomposites." Polymers, v. 14, n. 6, 1139, 2022. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/6/1139 . Accessed on Dec 12th 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14061139 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14061139
MALIK, K.; AHMAD, F.; DAWWOOD, M. S.; ISLAM, M. S.; ALI, S.; RAZA, A.; SHAHED, C. A. "Mechanical property enhancement of graphene-kenaf-epoxy multiphase composites for automotive applications." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, v. 177, 107916, 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359835X2300492X?via%3Dihub . Accessed on Nov 30th 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107916 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107916
MAQBOOL, Q.; BARUCCA, G.; SABBATINI, S.; PARLAPIANO, M.; RUELLO, M. L..; TITTARELLI, F. "Transformation of industrial and organic waste into titanium doped activated carbon–cellulose nanocomposite for rapid removal of organic pollutants." Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 423, 126958, 2022. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389421019269?via%3Dihub . Accessed on Dec 10th 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126958 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126958
MOREIRA, M. A. L.; SILVA, F. C. A.; COSTA, I. P. A.; GOMES, C. F. S.; SANTOS, M. "SAPEVO-H² a Multi-Criteria Systematic Based on a Hierarchical Structure: Decision-Making Analysis for Assessing Anti-RPAS Strategies in Sensing Environments." Processes, v. 11, n. 2, 352, 2023. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/11/2/352 . Accessed on Nov 29th, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11020352 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11020352
NOGUEIRA, E. "Thermal-hydraulic performance of Graphene Nanoribbon and Silicon Carbide nanoparticles in the multi-louvered radiator for cooling diesel engine." Journal of Engineering Sciences, v. 7, n. 1, p. F22–F29, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/77635 . Accessed on Dec 01st 2025. https://doi.org/10.21272/jes.2020.7(1).f2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21272/jes.2020.7(1).f2
OKAN, B. S.; MENCELOGLU, Y.; OZUNLU, B. G.; YAGCI, Y. E. "Graphene from waste tire by recycling technique for costeffective and light-weight automotive plastic part production." AIP Conference Proceedings, v. 2205, n. 1. 2020. https://pubs.aip.org/aip/acp/article/2205/1/020046/889420/Graphene-from-waste-tire-by-recycling-technique . Accessed on Dec 03rd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5142961 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5142961
QURESHI, T.; OOTIM, S. "Multifunctional concrete with graphene-based nanomaterials and superabsorbent polymer." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, v. 35, n. 4, 04023046, 2023. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29MT.1943-5533.0004699 . Accessed on Dec 6th 2025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004699 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004699
REDDY, S. R. R.; REDDY, P. B. A. "Entropy generation analysis on MHD flow with a binary mixture of ethylene glycol and water based silver-graphene hybrid nanoparticles in automotive cooling systems." Int. J. Heat Technol., v. 39, p. 1781-1790, 2021. https://www.iieta.org/journals/ijht/paper/10.18280/ijht.390611 . Accessed on Nov 28th 2025. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390611 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390611
SILVA, M, C.; GOMES, C. F. S.; JUNIOR, C. L. C. "A hybrid multicriteria methodology Topsis-Macbeth-2n applied in the ordering of technology transfer offices." Pesquisa Operacional., v. 38, n. 3, p. 413-439, 2018. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329487644_A_hybrid_multicriteria_methodology_topsis-macbeth-2n_applied_in_the_ordering_of_technology_transfer_offices . Acessed on Nov 26th 2025. https://doi.org/10.1590/01017438.2018.038.03.0413 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-7438.2018.038.03.0413
TENG, T. P.; CHEN, W. J.; CHANG, C. H. "Enhanced heat dissipation performance of automotive led lamps using graphene coatings." Polymers, v. 14, n. 1, 50, 2021. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/1/50 . Accessed on Dec 05th 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14010050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14010050
XAVIER, J. R.; RAMESH, B. "Experimental investigation of polymer matrix filled with silanized cerium carbide nanofillers and graphene oxide in automotive components." Applied Nanoscience, v. 13, n. 9, 6133-6149, 2023. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13204-023-02849-8#citeas . Accessed on Dec 8th 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-023-02849-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-023-02849-8
ZHANG, X.; JIN, L.; DAI, X.; CHEN, G.; LIU, G. "A record-high ion storage capacity of T-graphene as twodimensional anode material for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries." Applied Surface Science, v. 527, 146849, 2020. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433220316068?via%3Dihub . Accessed on Dec 7th 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146849 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146849
Licença
Copyright (c) 2026 RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar - ISSN 2675-6218
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Os direitos autorais dos artigos/resenhas/TCCs publicados pertecem à revista RECIMA21, e seguem o padrão Creative Commons (CC BY 4.0), permitindo a cópia ou reprodução, desde que cite a fonte e respeite os direitos dos autores e contenham menção aos mesmos nos créditos. Toda e qualquer obra publicada na revista, seu conteúdo é de responsabilidade dos autores, cabendo a RECIMA21 apenas ser o veículo de divulgação, seguindo os padrões nacionais e internacionais de publicação.