RAS ONCOGENE AND COLORECTAL CANCER: A LITERATURE REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v4i11.4320Keywords:
Colorectal cancer is the third most common neoplasmAbstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common neoplasm and second cause of death in men and women in both underdeveloped and developed countries. This article sought to highlight and discuss, mainly, the relationships between the different mutations of the RAS family oncogenes (K-RAS, H-RAS and N-RAS) in colorectal cancer due to the high incidence, prevalence and morbidity and mortality in Brazilian society. This is an integrative review of the literature and synthesis of results based on scientific articles published and indexed in the PubMed and VHL (virtual health library) portals, in the
________________
1 Docente do Curso de Medicina do Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá (Ribeirão Preto/SP).
2 Discente do 6° ano de Medicina do Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá (Ribeirão Preto/SP).
Lilacs, Medline databases; as well as on digital platforms, Scielo, WHO; INCA and PAHO/WHO. It was concluded that patients of African descent; women and people over 60 years of age have a higher incidence of neoplasms of the RAS family, with the KRAS form being the most common, with 40% of colorectal carcinomas; the NRAS mutation with 5% and, finally, rarely the HRAS. Therefore, with the articles analyzed it was possible to identify the genetic and ethnic relationship in the different mutations that affect society and it was realized that the early identification of the subtype of the RAS oncogene family reduces the risks of morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, alternative treatments based on gene therapy of the RAS family are an option to contain its advancement.
Downloads
References
ACS - American Cancer Society. Colorectal cancer early detection, diagnosis, and staging. Atlanta: ACS, 2020.
AFRÃSÂNIE, V-A; MARINCA, M. V.; STRATULAT, T. A.; GAFTON, B.; PĂDURARU, M.; ADAVIDOAIEI, A. M.; MIRON, L.; RUSU, C. KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, HER2 and microsatellite instability in metastatic colorectal cancer: practical implications for the clinician. Radiology And Oncology, Ljubljana, v. 53, n. 3, p. 265-274, 24 jun. 2019.
ALLEGRA, C. J.; RUMBLE, R. B.; HAMILTON, S. R.; MANGU, P. B.; ROACH, N.; HANTEL, A.; SCHILSKY, R. L. Extended RAS Gene Mutation Testing in Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma to Predict Response to Anti–Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Monoclonal Antibody Therapy: american society of clinical oncology provisional clinical opinion update 2015. Journal Of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, p. 179-185, 10 jan. 2016.
BRASIL. Ministério da Saúde. A situação do câncer no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: INCA, 2006.
BRASIL. Programa Nacional de Prevenção ao Câncer: Falando Sobre Câncer de Intestino. Rio de Janeiro, 2003. 38 p. v. 1.
BRAY, F.; FERLAY, J.; SOERJOMATARAM, I.; SIEGEL, R. L.; TORRE, L. A.; JEMAL, A. Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, v. 68, n. 6, p. 394-424, 2018.
BOKEMEYER, C; BONDARENKO, I; HARTMANN, J T; BRAUD, F de; SCHUCH, G; A ZUBEL; CELIK, I; SCHLICHTING, M; KORALEWSKI, P. Efficacy according to biomarker status of cetuximab plus FOLFOX-4 as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: the opus study. Annals Of Oncology, Oxford, p. 1535-1546. jul. 2011.
BONNOT, P. E.; PASSOT, G. RAS mutation: site of disease and recurrence pattern in colorectal cancer. Chinese Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong, v. 8, n. 5, p. 55-55, out. 2019.
CARVALHO, T. C. Câncer colorretal: estudo do efeito idade-período-coorte na incidência em quatro regiões da américa latina. 2019. 126 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Curso de Saúde Pública e Meio Ambiente, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 2019.
CENTER, M. M.; JEMAL, A.; SMITH, R. A.; WARD, E. Worldwide Variations in Colorectal Cancer. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, v. 59, n. 6, p. 366- 378, 2009.
COLUSSI, D.; BRANDI, G.; BAZZOLI, F.; RICCIARDIELLO, L. Molecular Pathways Involved in Colorectal Cancer: implications for disease behavior and prevention. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Italy, v. 14, n. 8, p. 16365-16385, 7 ago. 2013.
COX, A. D.; FESIK, S. W.; KIMMELMAN, A. C.; LUO, J.; DER, C. J. Drugging the undruggable RAS: mission possible?. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, v. 13, n. 11, p. 828-851, 17 out. 2014.
EDKINS, S.; O’MEARA, S.; PARKER, A.; STEVENS, C.; REIS, M.; JONES, S.; GREENMAN, C.; DAVIES, H.; DALGLIESH, G.; FORBES, S.; HUNTER, C.; SMITH, R.; STEPHENS, P.; GOLDSTRAW, P.; NICHOLSON, A.; CHAN, T. L.; VELCULESCU, V. E.; YUEN, S. T.; LEUNG, S. Y.; STRATTON, M. R.; FUTREAL, P. A. Recurrent KRAS Codon 146 Mutations in Human Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Biology Therapy, p. 928–932, 5 ago. 2006.
FENG, Y.; BOMMER, G. T.; ZHAO, J.; GREEN, M.; SANDS, E.; ZHAI, Y.; BROWN, K.; BURBERRY, A.; CHO, K. R.; FEARON, E. R. Mutant Kras Promotes Hyperplasia and Alters Differentiation in the Colon Epithelium but Does Not Expand the Presumptive Stem Cell Pool. Gastroenterology, Bethesda, p. 1003-1013, set. 2011.
GASPAR, V. I.; CATOZZI, S.; TERNET. C.; LUTHERT, F. J.; KIEL, C. Analysis of Ras-effector interaction competition in large intestine and colorectal cancer context. Small Gtpases, London, p. 1-17. 14 fev. 2020.
HOWLADER, N.; NOONE, A. M.; KRAPCHO M.; MILLER D.; BREST, A.; YU, M.; RUHL, J.; TATALOVICH, Z.; MARIOTTO, A.; LEWIS, D. R.; CHEN, H. S.; FEUER, E. J.; CRONIN, K. A. SEER Cancer Statistics Review (CSR) 1975-2017. Eua: National Cancer Institute, 2020.
IMAMURA, Y.; MORIKAWA, T.; LIAO, X.; LOCHHEAD, P.; KUCHIBA, A.; YAMAUCHI, M.; QIAN, Z. R.; NISHIHARA, R.; MEYERHARDT, J. A.; HAIGIS, K. M. Specific Mutations in KRAS Codons 12 and 13, and Patient Prognosis in 1075 BRAF-wild-type Colorectal Cancers. Clinical Cancer Research, Philadelphia, p. 4753-4763, 2 jul. 2012.
INCA - Instituto Nacional do Câncer. Tipos de câncer: câncer de intestino. Brasília: INCA, 2020.
JEMAL, A.; BRAY, F.; CENTER, M.M.; FERLAY, J.; WARD, E.; FORMAN, D. Global Cancer Statistics. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, v. 61, n. 2, p. 69-90, 2011.
JIMENO, A.; MESSERSMITH, W.A.; HIRSCH, F.R.; FRANKLIN, W.A.; ECKHARDT, S.G. KRAS mutations and sensitivity to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in colorectal cancer: practical application of patient selection. Journal of Clinical Oncology, New York, v. 27, ed. 7, p. 1130-1136, mar 2009.
JUNIOR, P. L. U.; BUGANO, D. D. G.; MOURA, F.; CARVALHO, R. S.; MALUF, F. C. Worst outcomes according to RAS mutation variants: an analysis in patients with metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma. Jbuon, p. 925- 935, jul. 2018.
LIEVRE, A.; BACHET, J-B.; CORRE, D. L.; BOIGE, V.; LANDI, B.; EMILE, J-F.; CÔTÉ, J-F.; TOMASIC, G.; PENNA, C.; DUCREUX, M. KRAS mutation status is predictive of response to cetuximab therapy in colorectal cancer. Cancer Research, Philadelphia, p. 3992-3995, 15 abr. 2006.
MAFFEIS, V.; NICOLÈ, L.; CAPPELLESSO, R. RAS, Cellular Plasticity, and Tumor Budding in Colorectal Cancer. Frontiers In Oncology. Switzerland, p. 327-345, 19 nov. 2019.
MALUMBRES, M.; BARBACID, M. RAS oncogenes: the first 30 years. Nature Reviews Cancer, Reino Unido, p. 459-465, 01 set. 2003.
MARKOWITZ, S. D.; BERTAGNOLLI, M. M. Molecular Basis of Colorectal Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, New England, v. 365, ed. 25, p. 2449-2460, 17 dez. 2009.
MAO, C.; YANG, Z. y.; HU, X.F.; CHEN, Q.; TANG, J. L. PIK3CA exon 20 mutations as a potential biomarker for resistance to anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies in KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals Of Oncology, Oxford, v. 23, n. 6, p. 1518-1525, jun. 2012.
OPAS - Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. Folha informativa – Câncer. Brasília: OPAS, 2018.
PARKIN, M.; BRAY, F.; FERLAY, J.; PISANI, P. Global Cancer Statistics, 2002. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, v. 55, n. 2, p. 74-108, 2005.
PARREIRAS, F. C.; SANTIAGO, G. M. Z.; COSTA, A. M.; FILHO, A. L. Aspectos genéticos do câncer colorretal e seu impacto no manejo da doença. Revista Médica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, v. 23, ed. 2, p. 221-227, 2013.
PENTHEROUDAKIS, G.; KOTOULA, V.; ROOCK, W. de; KOUVATSEAS, G.; PAPAKOSTAS, P.; MAKATSORIS, T.; PAPAMICHAEL, D.; XANTHAKIS, I.; SGOUROS, J.; TELEVANTOU, D.. Biomarkers of benefit from cetuximab-based therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: interaction of egfr ligand expression with ras/raf, pik3ca genotypes. Bmc Cancer, v. 13, n. 1, p. 1-12, 2 fev. 2013.
PLEASANCE, E. D.; STEPHENS, P. J.; MEARA, S.; MCBRIDE, D. J.; MEYNERT, A.; JONES, D.; LIN, M.; BEARE, D.; LAU, K. W.; GREENMAN, C.; VARELA, I.; NIK-ZAINAL, S.; DAVIES, H. R.; ORDOÑEZ, G. R.; MUDIE, L. J.; LATIMER, C.; EDKINS, S.; STEBBINGS, L.; CHEN, L.; JIA, M.; LEROY, C.; MARSHALL, J.; MENZIES, A.; BUTLER, A.; TEAGUE, J. W.; MANGION, J.; SUN, Y. A.; MCLAUGHLIN, S. F.; PECKHAM, H. E.; TSUNG, E. F.; COSTA, G. L.; LEE, C. C.; MINNA, J. D.; GAZDAR, A.; BIRNEY, E.; RHODES, M. D.; MCKERNAN, K. J.; STRATTON, M. R.; FUTREAL, P. A.; CAMPBELL, P. J. A small cell lung cancer genome reports complex tobacco exposure signatures. Nature, p. 184–190, 14 jan. 2010.
PRIOR, I. A.; LEWIS, P. D.; MATTOS, C. A Comprehensive Survey of Ras Mutations in Cancer. Cancer Research, v. 72, n. 10, p. 2457-2467, 14 maio 2012. American Association for Cancer Research (AACR).
QI, X.; XIE, C.; HOU, S.; LI, G.; YIN, N.; DONG, L.; LEPP, A.; CHESNIK, M. A.; MIRZA, S. P.; SZABO, A. Identification of a ternary protein-complex as a therapeutic target for K-Ras-dependent colon cancer. Oncotarget, New York, v. 5, n. 12, p. 4269-4282, 25 maio 2014.
ROSLAN, N. H.; MAKPOL, S.; YUSOF, Y. A. M. A Review on Dietary Intervention in Obesity Associated Colon Cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Malásia, v. 20, n. 5, p. 1309-1319, 1 maio 2019.
SANTOS, J. C. Câncer Ano-Reto-Cólico: Aspectos Atuais IV – Câncer de Cólon – Fatores Clínicos, Epidemiológicos e Preventivos. Revista Brasileira de Coloproctologia, v. 28, ed. 3, p. 378-385, set. 2008.
SCALTRITI, M.; DAWOOD, S.; CORTES, J. Molecular Pathways: targeting hsp90⠴who benefits and who does not. Clinical Cancer Research, Philadelphia, p. 4508-4513, 20 jun. 2012.
SCHIRRIPA, M.; CREMOLINI, C.; LOUPAKIS, F.; MORVILLO, M.; BERGAMO, F.; ZORATTO, F.; SALVATORE, L.; ANTONIOTTI, C.; MARMORINO, F.; SENSI, E.; LUPI, C.; DE GREGORIO, G. V.; GIANNINI, R.; BASOLO, F.; MASI, G.; FALCONE, A. Role of NRAS mutations as prognostic and predictive markers in metastatic colorectal cancer. International Journal of Cancer, Pisa, v. 136, n. 1, p. 83-90, 28 maio 2014.
SHEN, Y.; WANG, J.; HAN, X.; YANG, H.; WANG, S.; LIN, D.; SHI, Y. Effectors of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Pathway: The Genetic Profiling of KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, NRAS Mutations in Colorectal Cancer Characteristics and Personalized Medicine. Plos one, Hong Kong, v. 8, n. 12, p. e81628, 10 dez. 2013.
TIE, J.; LIPTON, L.; DESAI, J.; GIBBS, P.; JORISSEN, R. N.; CHRISTIE, M.; DRUMMOND, K. J.; THOMSON, B. N. J.; USATOFF, V.; EVANS, P. M. KRAS. Mutation Is Associated with Lung Metastasis in Patients with Curatively Resected Colorectal Cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, v. 17, n. 5, p. 1122-1130, 14 jan. 2011.
TURINI, M. E.; DUBOIS, R. N. Cyclooxygenase-2: a therapeutic target. Annual Reviews, California, v. 53, ed. 1, p. 35-57, 2002.
VAN CUTSEM, E.; KÖHNE, C-H.; HITRE, E.; ZALUSKI, J.; CHIEN, C-R. C.; MAKHSON, A.; D’HAENS, G.; PINTÉR, T.; LIM, R.; BODOKY, G. Cetuximab and Chemotherapy as Initial Treatment for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, New England, p. 1408-1417, 2 abr. 2009.
WIESWEG, M.; KASPER, S.; WORM, K.; HEROLD, T.; REIS, H.; SARA, L.; METZENMACHER, M.; ABENDROTH, A.; DARWICHE, K.; AIGNER, C. Impact of RAS mutation subtype on clinical outcome a cross-entity comparison of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer. Oncogene, v. 38, n. 16, p. 2953-2966, 19 dez. 2018.
WGO - World Gastroenterology Organisation. Practice Guidelines: Triagem do câncer colorretal. EUA, 2007.
WHO - World Health Organization. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update. Genebra: WHO, 2008.
WHO - World Health Organization. Cancer prevention and control in the context of an integrated approach, Seventieth World Health Assembly, 2017.
XU, W.; TREPEL, J.; NECKERS, L. Ras, ROS and Proteotoxic Stress: a delicate balance. Cancer Cell, v. 20, n. 3, p. 281-282, set. 2011.
Downloads
Published
License
Copyright (c) 2023 RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar - ISSN 2675-6218
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Os direitos autorais dos artigos/resenhas/TCCs publicados pertecem à revista RECIMA21, e seguem o padrão Creative Commons (CC BY 4.0), permitindo a cópia ou reprodução, desde que cite a fonte e respeite os direitos dos autores e contenham menção aos mesmos nos créditos. Toda e qualquer obra publicada na revista, seu conteúdo é de responsabilidade dos autores, cabendo a RECIMA21 apenas ser o veículo de divulgação, seguindo os padrões nacionais e internacionais de publicação.
