NEOCOLONIALISMO ECOLÓGICO Y DEUDA ECOLÓGICA: UN EXAMEN CRÍTICO DE LAS RELACIONES NORTE-SUR EN EL CONTEXTO DE LOS OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v4i7.3637Palabras clave:
Neocolonialismo ecológico. Desarrollo sostenible. Comercio mundial. Dividir ecológicamente.Resumen
El surgimiento y la prevalencia del neocolonialismo ecológico, una manifestación de las relaciones de poder históricamente persistentes y asimétricas entre los países desarrollados (Norte) y los países en desarrollo (Sur), plantean un desafío significativo para el logro global de los 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de las Naciones Unidas. La explotación depredadora de la naturaleza, especialmente en los países del hemisferio sur, y las políticas económicas agresivas han creado un patrón dañino de deuda ecológica atribuible a las naciones industrializadas. La biodiversidad del mundo, incluida la supervivencia de la especie humana, está en peligro debido a esta deuda ecológica, también conocida como pasivos ambientales, acumulada por el Norte debido a sus prácticas de producción y consumo. Esta deuda se intensifica por las actividades exploratorias contemporáneas, especialmente de las empresas transnacionales, que adoptan estrategias como la adquisición de territorios ecológicamente frágiles, el acto de biopiratería y el descuido de los conocimientos ancestrales indígenas. Además, un flujo comercial mundial asimétrico de recursos naturales amplifica la huella ecológica de los países ricos, yendo más allá de los límites de sus fronteras territoriales. Este desequilibrio, agravado aún más por la atribución injusta de los precios a diferentes factores productivos, fomenta la explotación de los entornos naturales por parte de los países endeudados, obstaculizando el desarrollo sostenible. A través de un análisis de esta relación de explotación Norte-Sur, este artículo examina el neocolonialismo ecológico y la deuda ecológica, dilucidando sus implicaciones para los ODS.
Descargas
Referencias
ADGER, W. N., PAAVOLA, J., HUQ, S., & MACE, M. J. Fairness in adaptation to climate change. MIT press, 2006.
BAKAN, J. The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power. Free Press, 2005.
BLAIKIE, P., & BROOKFIELD, H. Land degradation and society. Routledge, 2015.
CHIU, Y. Deforestation and the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Developing Countries: A Panel Smooth Transition Regression Approach.Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 60(2), 177-194, 2012.
CLAPP, J., & DAUVERGNE, P. Paths to a green world: The political economy of the global environment. MIT press, 2011.
COSTANZA, R., DE GROOT, R., SUTTON, P., et al. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change, 26, 152-158,2014.
DALY, H. E. Beyond growth: The economics of sustainable development. Beacon Press, 1997.
ESCOBAR, A. Construction nature: Elements for a post-structuralist political ecology. Futures, 28(4), 325-343, 1996.
EWING, B., REED, A., GALLI, A., et al. Calculation Methodology for the National Footprint Accounts. Global Footprint Network, 2010.
FARLEY, J.The Role of Prices in Conserving Critical Natural Capital. Conservation Biology, 22(6), 1399-1408, 2008.
FEARNSIDE, P. M.Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: history, rates, and consequences. Conservation biology, 19(3), 680-688, 2005.
FITZHERBERT, E. B., STRUEBIG, M. J., MOREL, A., et al (2008). How will oil palm expansion affect biodiversity? Trends in ecology & evolution, 23(10), 538-545, 2008.
FORSYTH, T. Critical Political Ecology: The Politics of Environmental Science. Routledge, 2003.
FRANK, A. G. The development of underdevelopment. Monthly Review, 18(4), 1966.
FUKUDA-PARR, S., & YAMIN, A. E. & GREENSTEIN, J. The power of numbers: a critical review of millennium development goal targets for human development and human rights. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 15(2-3), 105-117, 2014.
GALTUNG, J. A structural theory of imperialism. Journal of Peace Research, 8(2), 81-117, 1971.
GEORGE, S. The Debt boomerang: How third world debt harms us all. Routledge, 2020.
GIBBS, H. K., RUESCH, A. S., ACHARD, F., et al. Tropical forests were the primary sources of new agricultural land in the 1980s and 1990s. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(38), 16732-16737, 2010.
GILJUM, S., & EISENMENGER, N. North South trade and the distribution of environmental goods and burdens: a biophysical perspective. The Journal of Environment & Development, 13(1), 73-100, 2004.
GOWDY, J. M., & ERICKSON, J. D. The approach of ecological economics. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 29(2), 207-222, 2005.
GRASSO, M. An ethical approach to climate adaptation finance. Global Environmental Change, 20(1), 74-81, 2010.
HARVEY, D.The New Imperialism. Oxford University Press, 2005.
HICKEL, J. The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions. Windmill, 2018.
HORNBORG, A. The Power of the Machine: Global Inequalities of Economy, Technology, and Environment. AltaMira Press, 2001.
KANIE, N., & BIERMANN, F. & YOUNG, O.R.(Eds.). Governing through Goals: Sustainable Development Goals as Governance Innovation. MIT Press, 2017,
KOH, L. P., & WILCOVE, D. S. Is oil palm agriculture really destroying tropical biodiversity?. Conservation letters, 1(2), 60-64,2008.
LAURANCE, W. F., SAYER, J., & CASSMAN, K. G. Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical nature. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 29(2), 107-116, 2014.
LE BLANC, D.Towards integration at last? The sustainable development goals as a network of targets. Sustainable Development, 23(3), 176-187, 2015.
LEACH, M., RAWORTH, K., & ROCKSTRÖM, J. Between social and planetary boundaries: Navigating pathways in the safe and just space for humanity. World Social Science Report, 2013, 84-89, 2013.
MARGONO, B.A., POTAPOV, P.V., TURUBANOVA, S., et al. Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000–2012. Nature Climate Change, 4(8), 730-735, 2014,
MARTINEZ-ALIER, J. O ecologismo dos pobres. Contexto, 2007.
MCCARTHY, J. F., & ZEN, Z. Regulating the oil palm boom: Assessing the effectiveness of environmental governance approaches to agro-industrial pollution in Indonesia. Law & Policy, 32(1), 153-179, 2010.
MOYO, D. Dead Aid: Why aid is not working and how there is another way for Africa. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010.
NEPSTAD, D., SOARES-FILHO, B. S., MERRY, F., et al. The end of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Science, 325(5958), 1350-1351, 2009.
PIKETTY, T. Capital in the twenty-first century. Belknap Press, 2014.
QUIJANO, A. Coloniality of power and Eurocentrism in Latin America . International sociology, 15(2), 215-232, 2000.
REES, W. Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: what urban economics leaves out. Environment and Urbanization, 4(2), 121-130, 1992.
RICE, J.The Transnational Organization of Production and Uneven Environmental Degradation and Change in the World Economy. International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 50(3-4), 215-236, 2009.
ROBERTS, J. T., & PARKS, B. C. A Climate of Injustice: Global Inequality, North-South Politics, and Climate Policy. MIT press, 2006.
SACHS, J.D. A era do desenvolvimento sustentável. Actual, 2017.
SACHS, J. D. From millennium development goals to sustainable development goals. The Lancet, 379(9832), 2206-2211, 2012.
SAUL, J. S. The next liberation struggle: capitalism, socialism, and democracy in Southern Africa. Monthly Review Press, 2005.
SCHEYVENS, R., BANKS, G., & HUGHES, E.The private sector and the SDGs: The need to move beyond ‘business as usual’. Sustainable Development, 24(6), 371-382, 2016.
SCHLOSBERG, D., & CARRUTHERS, D.Indigenous struggles, environmental justice, and community capabilities. Global Environmental Politics, 10(4), 12-35, 2010.
SHIVA, V. Biopirataria: a pilhagem da natureza e do conhecimento. Vozes, 2001.
SHIVA, V. A Violência da Revolução Verde: na agricultura, ecologia e política do Terceiro Mundo. Edições Mahatma, 2015.
SIMMS, A. Ecological Debt: Global Warming and the Wealth of Nations.2 ed. Pluto Press, 2009.
STIGLITZ, J. E. Povo, poder e lucro: capitalismo progressista para uma era de descontentamento. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2020.
UNITED NATIONS. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. A/RES/70/1. United Nations, 2015.
WACKERNAGEL, M., & REES, W. Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. New Society Publishers, 1998.
WACKERNAGEL, M., SCHULZ, N. B., DEUMLING, D., et al. Tracking the ecological overshoot of the human economy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(14), 9266-9271, 2002.
WARLENIUS, R. Linking ecological debt and ecologically unequal exchange: Stocks, flows, and unequal sink appropriation. Journal of Political Ecology, 23(1), 364-380, 2016.
WARLENIUS, R., PIERCE, G., & RAMASAR, V. Reversing the arrow of arrears: The concept of “ecological debt” and its value for environmental justice. Global Environmental Change, 30, 21-30, 2015.
WIEDMANN, T. O., SCHANDL, H., LENZEN, M., et al. The material footprint of nations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(20), 6271-6276, 2013.
YORK, R., ROSA, E. A., & DIETZ, T. STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts. Ecological Economics, 46(3), 351-365, 2003.
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Categorías
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar - ISSN 2675-6218
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Os direitos autorais dos artigos/resenhas/TCCs publicados pertecem à revista RECIMA21, e seguem o padrão Creative Commons (CC BY 4.0), permitindo a cópia ou reprodução, desde que cite a fonte e respeite os direitos dos autores e contenham menção aos mesmos nos créditos. Toda e qualquer obra publicada na revista, seu conteúdo é de responsabilidade dos autores, cabendo a RECIMA21 apenas ser o veículo de divulgação, seguindo os padrões nacionais e internacionais de publicação.
