TRAUMA IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE: PROFOUND IMPACTS ON DEVELOPMENT THROUGHOUT LIFE - A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON PTSD FROM AN EPIGENETIC PERSPECTIVE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v5i1.5593Keywords:
Adolescence. Epigenetic perspective. Childhood traumas.Abstract
This article addresses the critical importance of childhood and adolescence in human development, highlighting how these periods influence brain maturation and emotional growth. The intense transformations in this phase, both structural and functional in the brain, are shaped by complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. It is evident that traumatic events during childhood, such as maltreatment, can leave deep marks on neurological and psychological development, increasing the risk of mental disorders, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). These traumas not only affect immediate emotional well-being, but can also alter gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation. Epigenetics has emerged as a crucial field for understanding how adverse childhood experiences can impact health across the lifespan. Changes in DNA methylation and other epigenetic processes have been linked to differences in gene regulation related to stress and emotional response. These insights not only elucidate the biological mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders, but also provide the basis for more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of childhood trauma. Understanding these interactions between early experiences, epigenetics, and health is essential to developing holistic approaches that promote emotional and neurological well-being from childhood to adulthood, highlighting the need for interventions that are sensitive to the individual's context and developmental stage.
Downloads
References
ADAMS, R. L. Eukaryotic DNA methyltransferases--Structure and function. Bioessays, v. 17, n. 2, p. 139-145, 1995. DOI: 10.1002/bies.95017020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.950170209
AL JOWF, G. I. et al. The molecular biology of susceptibility to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: highlights of epigenetics and epigenomics. Int J Mol Sci., v. 22, n. 19, p. 10743, 4 oct. 2021. DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910743. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910743
ALISIC, E. et al. Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry, v. 204, p. 335-340, 2014. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131227
ARAIN, M. et al. Maturation of the adolescent brain. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, v. 9, p. 449-461, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S39776
ARISTIZBAL, M. J. et al. Biological embedding of experience: a primer on epigenetics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 2019. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1820838116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820838116
BALASUBRAMANIAN, N. et al. Epigenetic Blockade of Hippocampal SOD2 Via DNMT3b-Mediated DNA Methylation: Implications in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Persistent Oxidative Damage. Mol Neurobiol, v. 58, n. 3, p. 1162-1184, mar. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-02166-z
BARBIRATO, F. D. G. A mente de seu filho: como estimular as crianças e identificar os distúrbios psicológicos na infância. Rio de Janeiro: Agir, 2009.
BEACH, S. R. et al. Methylation at 5HTT mediates the impact of child sex abuse on women’s antisocial behavior: an examination of the Iowa adoptee sample. Psychosomatic Medicine, v. 73, n. 1, p. 83-87, 2011. DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181fdd074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181fdd074
BELLINI, M. Complexidade genética em Conrad Hall Waddington Koan. Revista de Educação e Complexidade, n. 4, jan. 2016. ISSN: 2317-5656. Disponível em: http://www.crc.uem.br/departamento-de-pedagogia-dpd/koan-revista-de-educacao-e-complexidade/edicao-4-jan-2016/arquivos-ed-4/complexidade-genetica-em-conrad-hall-waddington. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2024.
BOARATI, A. M.; PANTANO, T.; SCIVOLETTO, S. Psiquiatria da infância e adolescência: cuidado multidiciplinar. Barueri, SP: Manole, 2016. ISBN 978-85-204-4780-2.
BONOMI, A. E. et al. Health care utilization and costs associated with childhood abuse. Journal of General Internal Medicine, v. 23, n. 3, p. 294-299, 2008. DOI: 10.1007/s11606-008-0516-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-008-0516-1
BRYANT, R. A. Post-traumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-art review of evidence and challenges. World Psychiatry, 18, p. 259-269, 2019; DOI: 10.1002/wps.20656. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20656
CHEN, B. H. et al. DNA methylation-based measures of biological age: meta-analysis predicting time to death. Aging, (Albany NY), v. 8, n. 9, p. 1844-1865, 2016. DOI: 10.18632/aging.101020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.101020
CITY OF HOPE. In Memoriam: Research pioneer Arthur D. Riggs, 82, developed the technology that led to the first human synthetic insulin to treat diabetes. City of Hope, 11 May 2022. Disponível em: https://www.cityofhope.org/breakthroughs/art-riggs-tribute. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2024.
COPELAND, W. E. et al. Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, v. 64, n. 5, p. 577-585, 2007. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.577
DALGALARRONDO, P. Psicologia e semiologia dos transtornos mentais. 3. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2019.
FANG, R. et al. Gene-based mediation analysis in epigenetic studies. Brief Bioinform, v. 22, n. 3, maio 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbaa113
FLASBECK, V.; BRÜNE, M. Association between childhood maltreatment, psychopathology and DNA methylation of genes involved in stress regulation: evidence from a study in Borderline Personality Disorder. PLoS One, v. 16, n. 3, p. e0248514, mar. 2021. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248514
GATTA, E. et al. Epigenetic landscape of stress surfeit disorders: key role for DNA methylation dynamics. Int Rev Neurobiol, n. 156, p. 127-183, 2021. DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.08.002. Epub 30 set. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2020.08.002
GILLER, E. What is psychological trauma. Baltimore, MD, USA: Sidran Institute, 1999.
GOLDBERG A. D.; ALLIS, C. D.; BERNSTEIN, E. Epigenetics: a landscape takes shape. Cell, v. 128, n. 4, p. 635-8, fev. 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.006
GREEN, J. G. et al. Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication I: associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, v. 67, n. 2, p. 113-123, 2010. DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186
HJORT, L. et al. Intergenerational effects of maternal post-traumatic stress disorder on offspring epigenetic patterns and cortisol levels. Epigenomics, v. 13, n. 12, p. 967-980, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2217/epi-2021-0015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2217/epi-2021-0015
HORVATH, S. DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol, v. 14, n. 10, R115, 2013. DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115
HORVATH, S. et al. Aging effects on DNA methylation modules in human brain and blood tissue. Genome Biol, v. 13, n. 10, R97, 2012. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002629. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2012-13-10-r97
IBGE - INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. Expectativa de vida era de 75 anos para homens. Agência IBGE Notícias. 2022. Disponível em: https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-sala-de-imprensa/2013-agencia-de-noticias/releases/38455-em-2022-expectativa-de-vida-era-de-75-5-anos#:~:text=Para%20os%20homens%2C%20esta%20expectativa,%C3%A0%20pandemia%20de%20COVID%2D19. Acesso em: 29 mar. 2024.
IVANOVA, J. I. et al. Cost of post-traumatic stress disorder vs major depressive disorder among patients covered by medicaid or private insurance. American Journal of Managed Care, v. 17, n. 8, p. e314-323, 2011.
JUSTER, R. P. et al. A transdisciplinary perspective of chronic stress in relation to psychopathology throughout life span development. Development and Psychopathology, v. 23, n. 3, p. 725-776, 2011. DOI: 10.1017/s0954579411000289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000289
KATRINLI, S. et al. Cumulative stress, PTSD, and emotion dysregulation during pregnancy and epigenetic age acceleration in Hispanic mothers and their newborn infants. Epigenetics, v. 18, n. 1, p. 2231722, dez. 2023. DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2023.2231722. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15592294.2023.2231722
LIU, D. et al. Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science, v. 277, n. 5332, p. 1659-1662, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5332.1659
MARCINIAK, M. D. et al. The cost of treating anxiety: the medical and demographic correlates that impact total medical costs. Depression & Anxiety, v. 21, n. 4, p. 178-184, 2005. DOI: 10.1002/da.20074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20074
MARIONI, R. E. et al. DNA methylation age of blood predicts all-cause mortality in later life. Genome Biol, v. 16, n. 25, 2015. DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0584-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-015-0584-6
McGOWAN, P. O. et al. Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nat Neurosci, v. 12, n. 3, p. 342-348, 2009. DOI:10.1038/nn.2270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2270
McGOWAN, P. O.; ROTH, T. L Epigenetic pathways through which experiences become linked with biology. Development and Psychopathology, v. 27, n. 2, p, 637-648, 2015. DOI:10.1017/s0954579415000206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579415000206
McLAUGHLIN, K. A. et al. Childhood adversities and post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence for stress sensitisation in the world mental health surveys. Br J Psychiatry, v. 211, n. 5, p. 280-288, 2017. DOI:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.197640. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.197640
McLAUGHLIN, K. A. et al. Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in a national sample of adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, v. 52, n. 8, p. 815-830, e814, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.01. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.011
MEHTA, D. et al. Childhood maltreatment is associated with distinct genomic and epigenetic profiles in posttraumatic stress disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci., USA, v. 110, n. 20, p. 8302-8307, 2013. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1217750110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217750110
MEHTA, D. et al. Using polymorphisms in FKBP5 to define biologically distinct subtypes of posttraumatic stress disorder: evidence from endocrine and gene expression studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 2011. DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.50
MERIKANGAS, K. R. et al. Epidemiology of mental disorders in children and adolescentes. Dialogues Clin Neurosci., v. 11, n. 1, p. 7-20, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2009.11.1/krmerikangas
OEIA - ORGANIZAÇÃO DE ESTADOS IBERO-AMERICANOS. Notícias da primeira infância: prevenção da violência na infância. Boletim Rede Ibero-Americana de Administração Pública para Primeira Infância, n. 07, out./nov. 2022. Disponível em: https://www.dge.mec.pt/noticias-educacao-de-infancia.
OMS - ORGANIZAÇÃO MUNDIAL DE SAÚDE. Definición de maltrato infantile. [S. l.]: OMS, 2016. Disponível em: http://wwww.hoint/es/news-room/factsheets/detail/child-maltreatment. Acesso em: mar. 2024.
PAPALIA, D. E.; FELDMAN, R. D. Desenvolvimento humano. Porto Alegre: AMGH/Artmed, 2013. ISBN978-85-8055-216-4.
ROMENS, S. E. et al. Associations between early life stress and gene methylation in children. Child Development, v. 86, n. 1, p. 303-309, 2015. DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12270
ROTH, T. L. et al. Lasting epigenetic influence of early-life adversity on the BDNF gene. Biological Psychiatry, v. 65, n. 9, p. 760-769, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.028
SANTIAGO, P. N. et al. A systematic review of PTSD prevalence and trajectories in DSM-5 defined trauma exposed populations: intentional and non-intentional traumatic events. PLoS One, v. 8, n. 4, e59236, 2013. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059236
SHENK, C. E. et al. Epigenetic Age acceleration and risk for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder following exposure to substantiated child maltreatment. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol., v. 51, n. 5, p. 651-661, set./out. 2022. DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2020.1864738. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2020.1864738
SIMKIN, D. R. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder/Developmental Trauma Disorder/Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Complementary and Integrative Medicine/Functional Medicine. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am., v. 32, n. 2, p. 317-365, abr. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2022.08.011
SZYF, M.; BICK, J. DNA methylation: a mechanism for embedding early life experiences in the genome. Child Development, v. 84, n. 1, p. 49-57, 2013. DOI:10.1111/j.14678624.2012.01793.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01793.x
TUDOR, L. et al. Genetic and Epigenetic Association of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1α with Glycosylation in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Genes, (Basel), v. 13, n. 6, jun. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13061063
TURECKI, G.; MEANEY, M. J. Effects of the social environment and stress on glucocorticoid receptor gene methylation: a systematic review. Biol Psychiatry, v. 79, n. 2, p. 87-96, 2016. DOI:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.022
VIJAYENDRAN, M. et al. Effects of genotype and child abuse on DNA methylation and gene expression at the serotonin transporter. Front Psychiatry, n. 3, p. 55, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00055
WEAVER, I. C. et al. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience, v. 7, n. 8, p. 847-854, 2004. DOI: 10.1038/ nn1276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1276
WIDOM, C. S. Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. American Journal of Psychiatry, v. 156, n. 8, p. 1223-1229, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.8.1223
WITTCHEN, H. U. et al. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol, v. 21, p. 655-679, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018
YEHUDA, R. et al. Gene expression patterns associated with posttraumatic stress disorder following exposure to the World Trade Center attacks. Biological Psychiatry, v. 66, n. 7, p. 708-711, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.034. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.034
ZAYON, G. A Tribute to Beatrice Mintz. [S. l. s. n.], 2018. Disponível em: https://www.foxchase.org/about-us/history/women-science/beatrice-mintz. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2024.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2024 RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar - ISSN 2675-6218
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Os direitos autorais dos artigos/resenhas/TCCs publicados pertecem à revista RECIMA21, e seguem o padrão Creative Commons (CC BY 4.0), permitindo a cópia ou reprodução, desde que cite a fonte e respeite os direitos dos autores e contenham menção aos mesmos nos créditos. Toda e qualquer obra publicada na revista, seu conteúdo é de responsabilidade dos autores, cabendo a RECIMA21 apenas ser o veículo de divulgação, seguindo os padrões nacionais e internacionais de publicação.
