THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERIODONTAL PARAMETERS AND DIET: INTEGRATIVE REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v6i1.6134Keywords:
periodontitis, periodontal parameters, Mediterranean diet, vegetarian diet, ultraprocessed foods.Abstract
Periodontitis is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease associated with a dysbiotic biofilm, leading to the loss of periodontal support tissues, which may result in tooth loss. The inflammation is multifactorial and disrupts the homeostasis of periodontal tissue. The inflammatory response is activated by four components: inflammatory inducers, detection sensors, inflammatory mediators, and the affected target tissues. Several studies have highlighted the essential role of a balanced diet in maintaining periodontal health. Evidence suggests that periodontal health is influenced by numerous vitamins and minerals. This study aimed to synthesize evidence on how dietary patterns can affect periodontal clinical parameters, proposing definitions of these diets and their relationship with periodontal diseases. Micro- and macronutrients present in the diet can either help control inflammation and support tissue repair or exacerbate inflammation associated with periodontal disease. Diets rich in vegetables and low in saturated fats contribute to periodontal health, whereas diets high in ultra-processed foods may aggravate periodontal inflammation. Further studies on the role of diet in disease progression and its impact on periodontal treatment are essential for understanding and appropriately managing periodontal patients.
Downloads
References
1. Lang NP, Bartold PM. Periodontal health. Journal of Periodontology. 2018 Jun;89(S1):S9–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.16-0517
2. Bezerra MG, et al. Avaliação do hábito de fumar como fator de risco para a doença periodontal. Rev. Bras. Patol. oral., 2003;2(3):18-21.
3. Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N, Dietrich T, Feres M, Fine DH, et al. Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. Journal of Periodontology. 2018 Jun;89(S1):S173–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.17-0721
4. Newman GM, Takei HH, Klokkevold RP, Carranza AF. Classification of diseases and conditions affecting the periodontium. In: Newman GM, Takei HH, Klokkevold RP, Carranza AF, editors. Periodontology Clinic of Carranza. 12th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2012. p. 45–67.
5. Tonetti MS, Chapple ILC, Jepsen S, Sanz M. Primary and secondary prevention of periodontal and peri-implant diseases. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2015 Mar 31;42:S1–4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12382
6. Darveau RP. Periodontitis: a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2010 Jun 1;8(7):481–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2337
7. Martinez-Herrera M, Silvestre-Rangil J, Silvestre F. Association between obesity and periodontal disease. A systematic review of epidemiological studies and controlled clinical trials. Medicina Oral Patología Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 2017;22(6). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.21786
8. Berg Y, Gabay E, Darko Božić, Jamil Awad Shibli, Ofir Ginesin, Thabet Asbi, et al. The Impact of Nutritional Components on Periodontal Health: A Literature Review. Nutrients [Internet]. 2024 Nov 15 [cited 2024 Dec 9];16(22):3901–1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223901
9. Ap S. The Importance of the Ratio of omega-6/omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids [Internet]. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie. 2002.
10. Banaszak M, Małgorzata Dobrzyńska, Kawka A, Górna I, Dagmara W, Juliusz P, et al. Role of Omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) as modulatory and anti-inflammatory agents in noncommunicable diet-related diseases – Reports from the last 10 years. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 2024 Oct 1;63:240–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.06.053
11. Barnawi BM, Alrashidi NS, Albalawi AM, Alakeel NS, Hamed JT, Barashid AA, et al. Nutritional Modulation of Periodontal Diseases: A Narrative Review of Recent Evidence. Cureus [Internet]. 2023 Aug;15(12):e50200 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.50200
12. Hans M, Praveen Kumar Malik, Veenu Madaan Hans, Ashi Chug, M. Dinesh Kumar. Serum levels of various vitamins in periodontal health and disease- a cross sectional study. Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research [Internet]. 2023 Jul 1;13(4):471–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.05.009
13. Menotti A, Puddu PE. How the Seven Countries Study contributed to the definition and development of the Mediterranean diet concept: A 50-year journey. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2015 Mar;25(3):245–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2014.12.001
14. Keys A, Menotti A, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Djordevic BS, Buzina R, et al. The seven countries study: 2,289 deaths in 15 years. Preventive medicine [Internet]. 1984;13(2):141–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-7435(84)90047-1
15. Urquiaga I, Echeverría G, Dussaillant C, Rigotti A. Origen, componentes y posibles mecanismos de acción de la dieta mediterránea. Revista médica de Chile. 2017 Jan;145(1):85–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872017000100012
16. Woelber JP, Bremer K, Vach K, König D, Hellwig E, Ratka-Krüger P, et al. An oral health optimized diet can reduce gingival and periodontal inflammation in humans - a randomized controlled pilot study. BMC Oral Health. 2016 Jul 26;17(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-016-0257-1
17. Gutierrez Gossweiler A, Martinez-Mier E Angeles. Chapter 6: Vitamins and Oral Health. Monographs in Oral Science. 2019 Nov 7;28:59–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000455372
18. Augimeri G, Caparello G, Caputo I, Reda R, Luca Testarelli, Bonofiglio D. Mediterranean diet: a potential player in the link between oral microbiome and oral diseases. Journal of Oral Microbiology. 2024 Mar 19;16(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2024.2329474
19. Castro dos Santos NC, Andere NMRB, Araujo CF, Marco AC, Kantarci A, Van Dyke TE, et al. Omega‐3 PUFA and aspirin as adjuncts to periodontal debridement in patients with periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Randomized clinical trial. Journal of Periodontology. 2020 Jun 21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.19-0613
20. Dos Santos NC, Araujo CF, Andere NMRB, Miguel MMV, Westphal MRA, Van Dyke T, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Low-Dose Aspirin in the Treatment of Periodontitis and Metabolic Syndrome: Case Report. Journal of the International Academy of Periodontology [Internet]. 2020 Jan;22(4):223–30. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32980834/
21. Herman K, Czajczyńska-Waszkiewicz A, Kowalczyk-Zając M, Dobrzyński M. Assessment of the influence of vegetarian diet on the occurrence of erosive and abrasive cavities in hard tooth tissues. Postepy Higieny I Medycyny Doswiadczalnej (Online) [Internet]. 2011 Nov 25;65:764–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22173441/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/17322693.967066
22. Axel Jenzsch, Eick S, F Rassoul, Purschwitz R, Jentsch H. Nutritional intervention in patients with periodontal disease: clinical, immunological and microbiological variables during 12 months. British Journal of Nutrition. 2008 Aug 20;101(6):879–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508047776
23. Staufenbiel I, Weinspach K, Förster G, Geurtsen W, Günay H. Periodontal conditions in vegetarians: a clinical study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2013 May 29;67(8):836–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.101
24. Sijanivandi S, Atarbashi-Moghadam F, Moallemi-Pour S, Atarbashi-Moghadam S, Baghban A. Effects of raw vegan diet on periodontal and dental parameters. Tzu Chi Medical Journal. 2020;0(0):0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_161_19
25. Antonoglou GN, Suominen AL, Knuuttila M, Ylöstalo P, Ojala M, Männistö S, et al. Associations Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Periodontal Pocketing and Gingival Bleeding: Results of a Study in a Non-Smoking Population in Finland. Journal of Periodontology. 2015 Jun;86(6):755–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2015.140262
26. Lee HJ, Je DI, Won SJ, Paik DI, Bae KH. Association between vitamin D deficiency and periodontal status in current smokers. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2015 May 29;43(5):471–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12173
27. Zobel EH, Hansen TW, Rossing P, von Scholten BJ. Global Changes in Food Supply and the Obesity Epidemic. Current Obesity Reports [Internet]. 2016 Sep 30;5(4):449–55. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13679-016-0233-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-016-0233-8
28. Gearhardt AN, Schulte EM. Is Food Addictive? A Review of the Science. Annual Review of Nutrition. 2021 Oct 11;41(1):387–410. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-110420-111710
29. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Segurança Alimentar 2004/2009. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2010.
30. Sczepanik FSC, Grossi ML, Casati M, Goldberg M, Glogauer M, Fine N, et al. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of oxidative stress: We should treat it that way. Periodontology 2000. 2020 Aug 25;84(1):45–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12342
31. Engin A. The Definition and Prevalence of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Obesity and Lipotoxicity [Internet]. 2017;960:1–17. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_1
32. Chaffee BW, Weston SJ. Association Between Chronic Periodontal Disease and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Periodontology. 2010 Dec;81(12):1708–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2010.100321
33. Reis RA, Stolf CS, Alves H, Yhang B, Özlü T, Kenger EB, et al. Impact of dietary inflammatory index on gingival health. J Periodontol. 2023 Dec 28.
34. Bidinotto AB, Martinez‐Steele E, Thomson WM, Hugo FN, Hilgert JB. Investigation of direct and indirect association of ultra‐processed food intake and periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology. 2021 Aug 21;93(4):603–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.21-0274
Downloads
Published
License
Copyright (c) 2025 RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar - ISSN 2675-6218
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Os direitos autorais dos artigos/resenhas/TCCs publicados pertecem à revista RECIMA21, e seguem o padrão Creative Commons (CC BY 4.0), permitindo a cópia ou reprodução, desde que cite a fonte e respeite os direitos dos autores e contenham menção aos mesmos nos créditos. Toda e qualquer obra publicada na revista, seu conteúdo é de responsabilidade dos autores, cabendo a RECIMA21 apenas ser o veículo de divulgação, seguindo os padrões nacionais e internacionais de publicação.
